“I read the book,” is a common enough expression. But what exactly does it mean to read something. Is sight reading sufficient? For ritual responsibilities must one be audible enough to be heard, or must one actually hear?

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Quick Review:
Should be articulating and audible to self, even by Shemoneh Esrei

Machlokes if didn’t hear self by Shema. Ruling is that after the fact Yotzei if articulated.

Cases: Deaf person by bracha of Teruma, and someone who says Birchas Hamazon articulating but not audible.

Gemorah contrasts Shema and Birchas Hamazon which are Diorayso and essence of mitzvah, to other brachos (like on Terumah) which are Drabonon and not essence of mitzvah.

In case of not articulated, where Rambam holds Yotzei but other authorities say not Yotzei, Biur Halacha is willing to consider being lenient for other brachos, but says must repeat by Birchas Hamazon and by Shema.